Estudios por imagen en la primera infección urinaria con fiebre del lactante. ¿Es necesaria la cistografía miccional? / Imaging studies in the first urinary infection with fever in infants: is voiding cystourethrography necessary?

Introducción: En el lactante con infección del tracto urinario (ITU), no es necesaria la presencia de reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU) para que se produzca una lesión renal adquirida. Sólo los reflujos graves pueden ser un factor que favorezca su aparición. Objetivos: Valorar si en los lactantes diagnosticados por primera vez de una ITU con fiebre, una gammagrafía renal con ácido dimercaptosuccínico (DMSA) inicial normal puede ser utilizado como método de cribado para detectar los reflujos graves y sustituir a la cistouretrografía miccional seriada(CUMS). Pacientes y métodos: Hemos estudiado retrospectivamente 162 lactantes menores de 2 años controlados en nuestro hospital por haber presentado la primera manifestación de una ITU con fiebre (92 varones y 70 mujeres). En todos los casos se habían practicado, a los pocos días del diagnóstico, una ecografía renal, una DMSA y una CUMS. Resultados: De los 162 pacientes, 62 (38 %) tenían RVU, de los cuales56 (90 %) eran leves y seis (10 %), graves. El DMSA era anormal en 26 de 100 pacientes sin RVU (26 %), en 12 de56 con RVU leve (21 %) y en 6 de 6 casos de los que tenían RVU grave (100 %). La sensibilidad del DMSA para detectarlos reflujos graves era del 100 % y la especificidad del 76%.El valor predictivo positivo y el valor predictivo negativo eran del 14 y el 100 %, respectivamente. El cociente de probabilidad positivo era de 4,17 y el cociente de probabilidad negativo de 0. Conclusiones: En el lactante con una primera manifestación de una ITU, una DMSA inicial negativa hace innecesaria la realización de la CUMS (AU)

Introduction: The presence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in an infant with urinary tract infection (UTI), does not necessarily lead to an acquired renal injury. Only serious reflux can be a factor in fostering its appearance. Objectives: To assess whether in infants diagnosed for the first time with a UTI with a fever, a routine initial DMSA can be used as a screening method for detecting severe reflux and replace voiding cystourethrography (VCUG). Patients and methods: We retrospectively studied 162 infants under 2 years old admitted to our hospital due to having a ITU with fever for the first time (92 males and 70 females). In all cases, arenal ultrasound, DMSA and VCUG had been performed a few days after the diagnosis. Results: Of the 162 patients, 62 (38 %) had VUR, of which 56(90 %) were mild and 6 (10 %) were severe. The DMSA was abnormal in 26/100 patients without VUR (26 %), 12/56 with mild VUR (21 %) and 6/6 of those with severe VUR (100 %). DMSA sensitivity for detecting severe reflux was 100 % and specificity was 76 %. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value was 14 % and 100 % respectively. The positive likelihood ratio was 4.17 and the negative likelihood ratio was 0. Conclusions: It is unnecessary to carry out VCUG in an infant with an initial UTI, and a negative DMSA (AU)

Evolución en imagen de la trombosis venosa renal en el recién nacido / Evolution of imaging in renal vein thrombosis in the newborn

Presentamos el caso de un recién nacido con trombosis venosa renal, con buena evolución clínica y radiológica. Se describen los hallazgos patológicos obtenidos por diferentes técnicas de imagen. La ecografía Doppler es el método de exploración de elección y, aunque con la resonancia magnética se consiguen buenas imágenes diagnósticas, debe quedar reservada para aquellos casos en los que los hallazgos de la ecografía Doppler no fueran concluyentes (AU)

We present a newborn patient with renal vein thrombosis with a good clinical and radiological evolution, describing the pathological features obtained by several imaging tools. Doppler ultrasound is the imaging method of choice, even although magnetic resonance gives excellent diagnostic findings it should be reserved for those cases where the Doppler findings are inconclusive (AU)

[Evolution of imaging in renal vein thrombosis in the newborn]. / Evolución en imagen de la trombosis venosa renal en el recién nacido.

We present a newborn patient with renal vein thrombosis with a good clinical and radiological evolution, describing the pathological features obtained by several imaging tools. Doppler ultrasound is the imaging method of choice, even although magnetic resonance gives excellent diagnostic findings it should be reserved for those cases where the Doppler findings are inconclusive.

[Imaging studies in the first urinary infection with fever in infants: is voiding cystourethrography necessary?]. / Estudios por imagen en la primera infección urinaria con fiebre del lactante. Es necesaria la cistografía miccional?

INTRODUCTION: The presence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in an infant with urinary tract infection (UTI), does not necessarily lead to an acquired renal injury. Only serious reflux can be a factor in fostering its appearance. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether in infants diagnosed for the first time with a UTI with a fever, a routine initial DMSA can be used as a screening method for detecting severe reflux and replace voiding cystourethrography (VCUG). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied 162 infants under 2 years old admitted to our hospital due to having a ITU with fever for the first time (92 males and 70 females). In all cases, a renal ultrasound, DMSA and VCUG had been performed a few days after the diagnosis. RESULTS: Of the 162 patients, 62 (38 %) had VUR, of which 56 (90 %) were mild and 6 (10 %) were severe. The DMSA was abnormal in 26/100 patients without VUR (26 %), 12/56 with mild VUR (21 %) and 6/6 of those with severe VUR (100 %). DMSA sensitivity for detecting severe reflux was 100 % and specificity was 76 %. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value was 14 % and 100 % respectively. The positive likelihood ratio was 4.17 and the negative likelihood ratio was 0. CONCLUSIONS: It is unnecessary to carry out VCUG in an infant with an initial UTI, and a negative DMSA.

[Incomplete hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with partial factor H deficiency]. / Síndrome hemolítico urémico incompleto asociado a déficit parcial de factor H.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) consists of the association of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and renal failure. Most cases are related to toxins (verotoxins) produced by Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and generally have good renal prognosis. Atypical forms can occur, with a less favorable prognosis, and can be due to mutations in the gene codifying factor H, a protein that regulates activation of the alternative complement pathway, among other causes. Factor H deficiency produces continuous complement activation, causing injury to capillary endothelial cells. We report a case of incomplete (absence of thrombocytopenia and uremia), atypical HUS in which hypocomplementemia secondary to partial factor H deficiency was detected, with favorable outcome. Prior to symptom onset, the patient had a Campylobacter infection, precipitating the symptoms. Genetic analysis showed a heterozygous mutation (C846T) located in the SCR4 domain, generating an amino acid change in the factor H molecule (Pro240Leu). This mutation may have been the cause of the partial factor H deficiency and the patient's symptoms on admission.

Síndrome hemolítico urémico incompleto asociado a déficit parcial de factor H / Incomplete hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with partial factor H deficiency

El síndrome hemolítico urémico (SHU) asocia anemia hemolítica, trombocitopenia e insuficiencia renal. La mayoría de los casos están relacionados con las toxinas (verotoxinas) producidas por Escherichia coli 0157:H7 y generalmente tienen un buen pronóstico renal. Existen formas atípicas, con peor pronóstico, que pueden ser secundarias, entre otras causas, a mutaciones en el gen codificador del factor H, proteína que regula la activación de la vía alternativa del complemento. Su déficit, produce una activación continua del complemento, dañando las células endoteliales de los capilares. Presentamos un caso clínico de SHU incompleto (ausencia de plaquetopenia y uremia) y atípico en el que se detectó una hipocomplementemia secundaria a un déficit parcial de factor H, cuya evolución fue favorable. Previo al inicio de los síntomas, el paciente presentó una infección por Campylobacter que actuó como agente precipitante del cuadro. El análisis genético demostró una mutación en heterocigosis (C846T) localizada en el dominio SCR4 que genera un cambio de aminoácido en la molécula del factor H (Pro240Leu). Es posible que dicha mutación haya sido la causante del déficit parcial del factor H y del cuadro que presentó al ingreso

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) consists of the association of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and renal failure. Most cases are related to toxins (verotoxins) produced by Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and generally have good renal prognosis. Atypical forms can occur, with a less favorable prognosis, and can be due to mutations in the gene codifying factor H, a protein that regulates activation of the alternative complement pathway, among other causes. Factor H deficiency produces continuous complement activation, causing injury to capillary endothelial cells. We report a case of incomplete (absence of thrombocytopenia and uremia), atypical HUS in which hypocomplementemia secondary to partial factor H deficiency was detected, with favorable outcome. Prior to symptom onset, the patient had a Campylobacter infection, precipitating the symptoms. Genetic analysis showed a heterozygous mutation (C846T) located in the SCR4 domain, generating an amino acid change in the factor H molecule (Pro240Leu). This mutation may have been the cause of the partial factor H deficiency and the patient's symptoms on admission

[Arterial stroke after birth trauma]. / Infarto cerebral arterial tras traumatismo al nacimiento.

Perinatal arterial stroke is a significant cause of neurological deficit, including mental retardation, delayed motor development, epilepsy, and severe cognitive impairment. Most strokes occur in term neonates, due to thromboembolism from an intracranial or extracranial vessel associated with a risk factor such as asphyxia at birth and heart, hematological or infectious diseases. An association with instrumental delivery has not been clearly demonstrated, although several cases have been described in the literature. The incidence of stroke in the perinatal period is estimated to be 1/4000 term neonates per year. We describe three new cases of stroke in term neonates with instrumental delivery and describe the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and outcome of this entity.

Infarto cerebral arterial tras traumatismo al nacimiento / Arterial stroke after birth trauma

El infarto arterial perinatal representa una importante causa de déficit neurológicos que incluyen retraso mental, del desarrollo motor, epilepsia y defectos cognitivos graves. La mayoría de los infartos ocurren en recién nacidos a término, por un tromboembolismo desde un vaso intracraneal o extracraneal asociado a un factor de riesgo tal como asfixia al nacimiento, enfermedades cardíacas, hematológicas o infecciosas. La asociación con el parto instrumental no ha sido claramente demostrada, aunque existen casos descritos en la literatura especializada. La incidencia en el período perinatal se estima en uno de cada 4.000 recién nacidos a término y año. Se describen tres nuevos casos en recién nacidos a término con antecedentes de parto instrumental y se revisa la etiopatogenia, el diagnóstico y la evolución de esta entidad

Perinatal arterial stroke is a significant cause of neurological deficit, including mental retardation, delayed motor development, epilepsy, and severe cognitive impairment. Most strokes occur in term neonates, due to thromboembolism from an intracranial or extracranial vessel associated with a risk factor such as asphyxia at birth and heart, hematological or infectious diseases. An association with instrumental delivery has not been clearly demonstrated, although several cases have been described in the literature. The incidence of stroke in the perinatal period is estimated to be 1/4000 term neonates per year. We describe three new cases of stroke in term neonates with instrumental delivery and describe the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and outcome of this entity

[Current prevalence of asthma in schoolchildren in San Sebastián (Spain)]. / Prevalencia actual de asma en escolares en San Sebastián.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the current prevalence of asthma in children aged 6-12 years old in San Sebastian (Guipuzcoa, Spain). PATIENTS AND METHODS: An observational, cross sectional study was performed in 6-12-year-old children in schools. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire was employed. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness was investigated using the free running test, with peak expiratory flow (PEF) measured with a peak flow meter as the main measurement. The ISAAC questionnaire (n = 919) was distributed to 460 boys (50.1%) and 459 girls (49.9%) with a mean age of 8 years (SD 1.87). The response rate to the questionnaire was 93 % (n = 855). Participation in the free running test was 90.8% (n = 835). A total of 89.88% of the children (n = 826) completed both tests. RESULTS: The questionnaire of symptoms and signs compatible with asthma revealed a current prevalence of asthma of 25.56% (n = 216) and a cumulative prevalence of 25.44% (n = 85). Nocturnal asthma was found in 29.37% (n = 47) and severe asthma in 9.27% (n = 14). Bronchial hyperresponsiveness was found in 23% of the participants. An epidemiological diagnosis of asthma (asthma-related symptoms plus bronchial hyperresponsiveness) was made in 6.54%. CONCLUSIONS: The current prevalence of asthma in 6-12-year-old schoolchildren in San Sebastian, determined through symptoms and signs compatible with asthma in the previous year and a positive free running test, is similar to that reported in other national studies.

Prevalencia actual de asma en escolares en San Sebastián / Current prevalence of asthma in schoolchildren in San Sebastián (Spain)

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia actual de asma en escolares de 6 a 12 años en San Sebastián (España). Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional y transversal en centros escolares en niños de 6 a 12 años, mediante cuestionario de síntomas relacionados con asma (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, ISAAC) y estudio de la hiperreactividad bronquial (HRB) (carrera al aire libre con esfuerzo máximo), utilizando como medida principal el flujo espiratorio máximo (FEM) medido con mini-wright. Se distribuyó el cuestionario ISAAC (n = 919) a 460 niños (50,1 %) y 459 niñas (49,9 %), con una media de edad de 8 años (desviación estándar [DE]: 1,87). La tasa de respuesta al cuestionario ISAAC fue del 93 % (n = 855). La participación en el test de carrera al aire libre fue del 90,8 % (n = 835). Completaron ambas pruebas el 89,88 % (n = 826). Resultados: Cuestionario de signos y síntomas compatibles con asma: prevalencia actual del asma, 25,56 % (n = 216); prevalencia acumulada, 25,44 % (n = 85); asma nocturna, 29,37 % (n = 47), y asma grave, 9,27 % (n = 14). Se ha objetivado HRB en el 23 % de los participantes. El diagnóstico epidemiológico del asma (síntomas relacionados con asma más HRB) ha sido del 6,54 %. Conclusiones: La prevalencia actual del asma en San Sebastián en escolares de 6-12 años, determinada mediante signos y síntomas compatibles con asma durante el último año y test de carrera libre positivo, es similar a otros estudios nacionales

Objective: To determine the current prevalence of asthma in children aged 6-12 years old in San Sebastian (Guipuzcoa, Spain). Patients and methods: An observational, cross sectional study was performed in 6-12-year-old children in schools. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire was employed. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness was investigated using the free running test, with peak expiratory flow (PEF) measured with a peak flow meter as the main measurement. The ISAAC questionnaire (n = 919) was distributed to 460 boys (50.1 %) and 459 girls (49.9 %) with a mean age of 8 years (SD 1.87). The response rate to the questionnaire was 93 % (n = 855). Participation in the free running test was 90.8 % (n = 835). A total of 89.88 % of the children (n = 826) completed both tests. Results: The questionnaire of symptoms and signs compatible with asthma revealed a current prevalence of asthma of 25.56 % (n = 216) and a cumulative prevalence of 25.44 % (n = 85). Nocturnal asthma was found in 29.37 % (n = 47) and severe asthma in 9.27 % (n = 14). Bronchial hyperresponsiveness was found in 23 % of the participants. An epidemiological diagnosis of asthma (asthma-related symptoms plus bronchial hyperresponsiveness) was made in 6.54 %. Conclusions: The current prevalence of asthma in 6-12-year-old schoolchildren in San Sebastian, determined through symptoms and signs compatible with asthma in the previous year and a positive free running test, is similar to that reported in other national studies

Absceso hepático. Una rara complicación de la apendicitis aguda / Liver abscess. An uncommon complication of acute appendicitis

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[Erythema nodosum: etiological changes in the last two decades]. / Eritema nudoso: modificación etiológica en las dos últimas décadas.

OBJECTIVE: To study the etiological factors associated with erythema nodosum in children hospitalized between January 1985 and December 2003. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective, descriptive study through review of the medical records of children with a diagnosis of erythema nodosum (MBDS-ICD 9-CM, code 6952). Forty-five patients (27 boys and 18 girls) aged between 10 months and 14 years were studied. The following variables were analyzed: age, sex, associated symptoms, complementary investigations (blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, throat swab, chest x-ray, Mantoux test, ASLO titer, stool culture, serology) and final diagnosis. RESULTS: The most frequent etiology was tuberculosis (10 patients), followed by Salmonella enteritidis (7 patients), group A beta -hemolytic Streptococcus (3 patients), Salmonella typhimurium (2 patients), Campylobacter jejuni (2 patients), Yersinia enterocolitica (1 patient), infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein Barr virus (1 patient), cat scratch disease (1 patient), BCG vaccination (1 patient), associated chronic hepatitis B infection (1 patient), and associated amoxicillin treatment (1 patient). Etiology was unknown in 15 patients. The last case of erythema nodosum associated with tuberculous infection dated back to 1991, after which the most frequent etiologic factors associated with erythema nodosum were gastrointestinal pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, the main etiological factor currently associated with erythema nodosum is gastrointestinal infection. Consequently, stool cultures, especially when there are associated gastrointestinal symptoms, are essential.

Eritema nudoso: modificación etiológica en las dos últimas décadas / Erythema nodosum: etiological changes in the last two decades

Objetivo: Estudiar los factores etiológicos asociados a eritema nudoso, en niños hospitalizados entre enero de 1985 y diciembre de 2003. Material y métodos: Diseño retrospectivo, descriptivo, por revisión de historias clínicas con el diagnóstico de eritema nudoso (CMBD-ICD 9-MC, código 6952). Se ha estudiado (n=45) a 27 varones y 18 mujeres con edades comprendidas entre 10 meses y 14 años. Se han analizado las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, síntomas acompañantes, exámenes complementarios (hemograma, velocidad de sedimentación globular, frotis faríngeo, radiología de tórax, prueba de Mantoux, antiestreptolisina O, coprocultivo, serología) y diagnóstico final. Resultados: La infección tuberculosa fue la etiología asociada más frecuente (10 casos), seguida de Salmonella enteritidis (7 casos), estreptococo Beta-hemolítico del grupo A (3 casos), Salmonella typhimurium (2 casos), Campylobacter jejuni (2 casos), Yersinia enterocolitica (1 caso), mononucleosis infecciosa por virus de Epstein-Barr (1 caso), enfermedad por arañazo de gato (1 caso), vacunación por BCG (un caso), asociado a hepatitis B crónica (1 caso) y asociado a tratamiento con amoxicilina (1 caso). La etiología fue desconocida en 15 de los casos. El último caso de eritema nudoso asociado a infección tuberculosa data de 1991, fecha a partir de la cual los patógenos digestivos pasan a ser la causa etiológica asociada más frecuente de eritema nudoso. Conclusiones: Según nuestros resultados, la infección gastrointestinal es en la actualidad el factor etiológico predominante, lo que hace imprescindible la realización de coprocultivos, sobre todo si existe clínica digestiva asociada (AU)

Mielitis transversa en inmunocompetentes / Transverse myelitis in immunocompetent children

La mielitis transversa aguda es una enfermedad medular inflamatoria aguda caracterizada por disfunción aguda o subaguda motora, sensitiva y autonómica. La incidencia es baja, estimándose en 1-4 casos por 106 habitantes/año y en nuestro medio esta patología es excepcional, habiéndose comunicado la mayoría en pacientes inmunodeprimidos. Se describen dos nuevos casos en niños inmunocompetentes y se revisa la etiopatogenia, el diagnóstico y la evolución de esta entidad (AU)

[Transverse myelitis in immunocompetent children]. / Mielitis transversa en inmunocompetentes.

Acute transverse myelitis is an acute inflammatory medullar disease characterized by acute or subacute motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunction. The incidence is low and is estimated at 1-4 cases/10(6) inhabitants per year. In Spain, the disorder is exceptional and most reported cases have occurred in immunodepressed patients. We describe two new cases of transverse myelitis in immunocompetent children and review the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and outcome of this disorder.

Traumatismo medular neonatal y neuroimagen / Neonatal spinal cord injury and neuroimaging

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